The git history command deserves more attention

Working with lots of changes in parallel on git can be painful. You end up
juggling branches and commits, and running scary rebase -i commands that can
leave your tree in a half-broken state if you so much as sneeze.

jj, an alternative to git, gets discussed a
lot these days (1,
2,
3,
4) and is
often pitched as a solution. While I’m very sold on the problems jj is
trying to solve, the way it solves them hasn’t quite hit home with me. Every 3
months, for the last 1.5 years, I try it out for a few days, really trying to
make it part of my workflow but eventually I give up and go back to git.

That’s where git history comes in. It’s an experimental
command that arrived across two
releases,
2.54
(April, reword and split subcommands) and
2.55
(June, fixup subcommand). It got a flurry of attention on each release day,
and then, as far as I can tell, not much community discussion since. Which is a
shame, because IMO it already delivers several of the benefits people tout for
jj without needing to switch your whole workflow. And the cool thing is that
it’s part of the core git distribution, so you can try it without installing
anything.

There are three subcommands: fixup, reword and split.

fixup

git history fixup
fixes an old commit that has something wrong in it, then autorebases all your
branches to match.

You stage the fix as usual with git add, then run git history fixup
to fold those staged changes into the target commit. It’s like a
git commit --fixup plus an autosquash rebase but with the extra magic that it
also updates any other branch which contained that commit.

That last part goes further than git rebase --update-refs, which only moves
refs sitting inside the range you’re actively rebasing. git history instead
finds and rewrites every local branch descended from the commit (while also
having an option to limit it to only the current branch). On the other hand it
does not work in the presence of merge commits which, for some usages of git,
is going to be a dealbreaker.

Here’s how it works in practice:

Before, with a fix staged for B:

After git history fixup B:

B* is B with the fix folded in. Rewriting a commit gives it a new hash, so
C and D are automatically re-created on top as C* and D*, and the
feat-1 and feat-2 branch tips move with them.

The most important property, common to all three commands, is that it’s atomic:
it never leaves your tree in a half-broken state. It manages this by refusing
any operation that could produce a conflict.

To be clear, this is strictly less powerful than jj. jj
treats conflicts as first class so
it can carry a conflicted state through a rebase and let you sort it out later.
git history doesn’t do this yet but the
docs leave the door open:

“This limitation is by design as history rewrites are not intended to be
stateful operations. The limitation can be lifted once (if) Git learns about
first-class conflicts.”

So basically, this limitation may change in the future; excited to see if it
does!

reword

git history reword
updates the commit message on an old commit and automatically rebases everything
on top. This is very useful for going back and
fixing commit messages when the design shifts as you iterate.

git history reword opens your editor with that commit’s existing
message. You edit it, save, and the rest of the stack is rebuilt on top with the
branches following along. It’s exactly like fixup but for commit messages
instead of the tree contents.

Because it only changes a message, reword (like split later) never touches
your index or working tree at all; it works purely on the commit graph. So both
let you rewrite a commit on a branch you don’t have checked out without
disturbing whatever you’re in the middle of.

Before:

After git history reword B:

Only B’s message changes, but that still gives it a new hash, so C is
rebuilt on top as C* and feat-1 follows along.

split

git history split
takes one commit and splits it into two, interactively picking what you care
about from each. It’s the equivalent of git add -p, but
without needing gymnastics with git rebase. I’ve found this to be the most
specialized of the three, but invaluable when I need it.

Specifically, git history split drops you into a hunk-by-hunk prompt
over that commit’s diff. The hunks you keep make up the first commit, the rest
fall into the second.

Before, with B bundling two unrelated changes:

After git history split B:

B becomes B1 and B2, and C is rebuilt on top of the pair as C*.

Conclusion

Judging by how many people are using jj, I do think there’s still some key
mental shift which I’m not yet making. And to be clear, git history doesn’t
close the full gap: jj still gives you an
operation log with easy undo,
models your working copy as a commit,
and can
carry conflicts through a rebase,
none of which this is trying to do.

But for now, git history is a big step forward in adopting many of the
pieces that attract people to jj, and it’s already in the tool I use every
day. And the way the documentation is written makes me hopeful that more
improvements will be coming in upcoming releases!